diff --git a/keyringctl b/keyringctl
index e459b8f..de336ab 100755
--- a/keyringctl
+++ b/keyringctl
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ from tempfile import mkdtemp
 
 from logging import basicConfig
 from logging import debug
-from logging import error
 from logging import DEBUG
 
 from typing import Any
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ def system(cmd: List[str], exit_on_error: bool = True) -> str:
 def convert_certificate(working_dir: Path, certificate: Path, owner: str) -> Path:
     certificate_fingerprint: Optional[str] = None
     pubkey: Optional[Path] = None
-    direct_keys: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Path]]] = {}
+    direct_sigs: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Path]]] = {}
     current_packet_mode: Optional[str] = None
     current_packet_key: Optional[str] = None
     uids: Dict[str, Path] = {}
@@ -90,6 +89,34 @@ def convert_certificate(working_dir: Path, certificate: Path, owner: str) -> Pat
     certifications: Dict[str, List[Path]] = defaultdict(list)
     revocations: Dict[str, List[Path]] = defaultdict(list)
 
+    def add_packet_to_direct_sigs(
+        direct_sigs: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Path]]],
+        issuer: str,
+        packet_key: str,
+        packet: Path,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Path]]]:
+        """Add a packet to the set of DirectKeys
+
+        If no key with the given packet_key exists yet, it is created.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        direct_sigs: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Path]]]
+            The signatures directly on a root key (such as DirectKey or *Certifications without a specific User ID)
+        issuer: str
+            The issuer of the signature
+        packet: Path
+            The path to the packet
+        packet_key: str
+            The key identifying the packet (e.g. its Fingerprint)
+        """
+
+        if not direct_sigs.get(packet_key):
+            direct_sigs = direct_sigs | {packet_key: defaultdict(list)}
+
+        direct_sigs[packet_key][issuer].append(packet)
+        return direct_sigs
+
     # XXX: KeyRevocation
     # XXX: PrimaryKeyBinding
 
@@ -123,10 +150,12 @@ def convert_certificate(working_dir: Path, certificate: Path, owner: str) -> Pat
             signature_type = packet_dump_field(packet, 'Type')
 
             if signature_type == 'DirectKey':
-                if not direct_keys.get(current_packet_key):
-                    direct_keys = direct_keys | {current_packet_key: defaultdict(list)}
-
-                direct_keys[current_packet_key][issuer].append(packet)
+                direct_sigs = add_packet_to_direct_sigs(
+                    direct_sigs=direct_sigs,
+                    issuer=issuer,
+                    packet_key=current_packet_key,
+                    packet=packet,
+                )
                 continue
 
             if not current_packet_key:
@@ -144,7 +173,19 @@ def convert_certificate(working_dir: Path, certificate: Path, owner: str) -> Pat
                         raise Exception(f'unknown signature type: {signature_type}')
                 else:
                     if signature_type.endswith('Certification'):
-                        certifications[current_packet_key].append(packet)
+                        # NOTE: here we are only considering signatures directly on the root key
+                        # signatures on a User ID, that are not tied to it via a SubkeyBinding are not addressed
+                        if current_packet_key not in uids:
+                            direct_sigs = add_packet_to_direct_sigs(
+                                direct_sigs=direct_sigs,
+                                issuer=issuer,
+                                packet_key=current_packet_key,
+                                packet=packet,
+                            )
+                        # NOTE: here we address all signatures on User IDs (those that are tied to it with a
+                        # SubkeyBinding and those that are not)
+                        else:
+                            certifications[current_packet_key].append(packet)
                     elif signature_type == 'CertificationRevocation':
                         revocations[current_packet_key].append(packet)
                     else:
@@ -181,8 +222,8 @@ def convert_certificate(working_dir: Path, certificate: Path, owner: str) -> Pat
         uids=uids,
     )
 
-    persist_direct_keys(
-        direct_keys=direct_keys,
+    persist_direct_sigs(
+        direct_sigs=direct_sigs,
         pubkey=pubkey,
         root_dir=root_dir,
     )
@@ -248,12 +289,13 @@ def persist_basic_key(
     packet_join(packets, root_dir / f'{certificate_fingerprint}.asc')
 
 
-def persist_direct_keys(
-    direct_keys: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Path]]],
+def persist_direct_sigs(
+    direct_sigs: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[Path]]],
     pubkey: Path,
     root_dir: Path,
 ) -> None:
-    """Persist the DirectKeys on a root key to file(s)
+    """Persist the signatures directly on a root key (such as DirectKeys or *Certifications without a User ID) to
+    file(s)
 
     Parameters
     ----------
@@ -265,7 +307,7 @@ def persist_direct_keys(
         The root directory below which the Directkeys are persisted
     """
 
-    for key, current_certifications in direct_keys.items():
+    for key, current_certifications in direct_sigs.items():
         for issuer, certifications in current_certifications.items():
             direct_key_dir = root_dir / 'certification'
             direct_key_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -306,15 +348,7 @@ def persist_certifications(
         for certification in current_certifications:
             certification_dir = root_dir / key / 'certification'
             certification_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
             issuer = packet_dump_field(certification, 'Issuer')
-            # TODO: find a way to get uid binding for pubkey certs
-            if key not in uids:
-                error('missing uid')
-                breakpoint()
-            if key not in uid_binding_sig:
-                error('missing binding sig')
-                breakpoint()
 
             packets = [pubkey, uids[key], uid_binding_sig[key], certification]
             output_file = certification_dir / f'{issuer}.asc'